Juicy, ripe, Roma-style tomatoes, stocked in the canned goods section of your local supermarket, are already peeled and ready for you to add to your favorite winter stew, soup or casserole. Equally versatile, and used by restaurant chefs and home cooks alike, are canned stewed or diced tomatoes, perfect for flavorful Italian or Mexican dishes.
Today, many processors remove the tight-fitting peels of these tasty tomatoes by using conventional approaches, such as steam heating or jet sprays of heated solutions of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, followed by a tapwater rinse.
Tomorrow, processors may opt for a new approach, developed and tested in studies led by Agricultural Research Service engineer Zhongli Pan. He’s based at the agency’s Western Regional Research Center in Albany, California.
How infrared peeling works
The process relies on infrared energy, like that produced in infrared ovens found in upscale home kitchens, for instance. At the cannery, tomatoes traveling on conveyor belts would be heated for about 60 seconds with infrared light emitted from tubular units placed alongside the belts.
The heat loosens the clingy peel and causes it to crack. That makes it easier for the peel to split when tomatoes enter their next destination – a vacuum chamber – and, after that, are removed by “pinch” rollers.
Pan’s team has refined these steps during more than five years of tests involving about 6,000 commercially grown Roma-type (sometimes called “plum”) tomatoes. Though scientists have been experimenting with infrared peeling of fruits and vegetables for several decades, Pan’s infrared tests apparently are the most extensive of their kind, to date, for environmentally sound peeling of tomatoes.
Among the most important advantages of the new technique is that it is mostly waterless. That’s a special “plus” for processors in sometimes drought-stricken California, the state that produces the majority of the nation’s processed tomatoes.
The technique could not only cut the cost of bringing water into the cannery, but may also reduce the expense of recycling or properly disposing of it. Disposal is a particular concern for processors who use sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, because the substances can boost the cost of treating factory wastewater.
Other advantages
There’s more to like about the infrared “dry peeling” technology. The process helps reduce the wasteful “overpeeling” that can occur when too many layers of the tomato are inadvertently removed with the peel. With infrared, overpeeling is less of a problem because, when used with precision, the technique primarily affects only the peel and a few thin layers beneath it.
In a study published in 2014, the researchers showed that peel-related loss – measured by comparing the tomato’s weight before and after peeling – was about 8 percent to 13 percent with infrared heating and about 13 percent to 16 percent with sodium hydroxide-based peeling.
Less overpeeling also means that an infrared-processed tomato could be more attractive than an overpeeled one. Overpeeling can expose inner layers, which are typically paler than the everyday processing tomato’s deep-red upper layers. Too, the tomato’s yellowish, veinlike vascular bundles may also be exposed by overpeeling.
In addition, infrared peeling can be easier on the structure and texture of the tomato. This means that tomatoes may remain pleasingly firm, not mushy, and should not fall apart as easily when cut. Pan’s team has shown that infrared-treated tomatoes were of similar or slightly better firmness than tomatoes peeled with sodium or potassium hydroxide.
Pan and colleagues Tara McHugh, research leader and food technologist with ARS at Albany; Carlos Masareje with Precision Canning Equipment, Woodland, California; and James Valenti-Jordan of Del Monte Foods, Walnut Creek, are seeking a patent for the peeling process.
Pan expects to have the system ramped up to cannery speeds by 2016. In the meantime, the tomato studies are documented in a half dozen peer-reviewed scientific articles. Other articles describe progress with using the technology for peeling fresh clingstone peaches, another canned-goods classic.
